CENPF/CDK1 signaling pathway enhances the progression of adrenocortical carcinoma by regulating the G2/M-phase cell cycle
Yu-gang Huang1+, Dan Li1+, Li Wang1, Xiao-min Su2* and Xian-bin Tang1*[D
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Abstract
Background: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive and rare malignant tumor and is prone to local inva- sion and metastasis. And, overexpressed Centromere Protein F (CENPF) is closely related to the oncogenesis of various neoplasms, including ACC. However, the prognosis and exact biological function of CENPF in ACC remains largely unclear.
Methods: In the present essay, the expression patterns and prognostic value of CENPF in ACC were investigated in clinical specimens and public cancer databases, including GEO and TCGA. The potential signaling mechanism of CENPF in ACC was studied based on gene-set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Furthermore, a small RNA interference experiment was conducted to probe the underlying biological function of CENPF in the human ACC cell line, SW13 cells. Lastly, two available therapeutic strategies, including immunotherapy and chemotherapy, have been further explored.
Results: The expression of CENPF in human ACC samples, GEO, and TCGA databases depicted that CENPF was overtly hyper-expressed in ACC patients and positively correlated with tumor stage. The aberrant expression of CENPF was significantly correlated with unfavorable overall survival (OS) in ACC patients. Then, the GSEA analysis declared that CENPF was mainly involved in the G2/M-phase mediated cell cycle and p53 signaling pathway. Further, the in vitro experiment demonstrated that the interaction between CENPF and CDK1 augmented the G2/M-phase transi- tion of mitosis, cell proliferation and might induce p53 mediated anti-tumor effect in human ACC cell line, SW13 cells. Lastly, immune infiltration analysis highlighted that ACC patients with high CENPF expression harbored significantly different immune cell populations, and high TMB/MSI score. The gene-drug interaction network stated that CENPF inhibitors, such as Cisplatin, Sunitinib, and Etoposide, might serve as potential drugs for the therapy of ACC.
Conclusion: The result points out that CENPF is significantly overexpressed in ACC patients. The overexpressed CENPF predicts a poor prognosis of ACC and might augment the progress of ACC. Thus, CENPF and related genes might serve as a novel prognostic biomarker or latent therapeutic target for ACC patients.
Keywords: Adrenocortical carcinoma, ACC, CENPF, CDK1, p53, Cell cycle
*Correspondence: xiaominsu@nankai.edu.cn; taihepathology@outlook.com
+Yu-gang Huang and Dan Li contributed equally to this study
1 Department of Pathology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
2 Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin 300110, China
Background
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), as an invasive and rare malignant neoplasm that originated from the adrenal cortex, is prone to local invasion and metastasis through blood and lymph nodes, accounting for 14% of primary adrenal incidentalomas [1]. The overall incidence of ACC reaches a peak in childhood and adults (40-60 years old)
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with a bimodal age distribution. In the United States, general cancer incidence is about 4500 cases/million/ year in adults and 150 cases/million/year in children [2, 3]. The median overall survival is about 3.5 years, and the 5-year survival rate is about 35% for ACC with locally advanced stages, and 0-28% for ACC with metastases [4, 5]. It indicates that ACC is characterized by tumor het- erogeneity and harbors a dismal prognosis. At present, effective drugs for the therapies of ACC are rare. From 1914 to now, surgery and mitotane/platinum-based chemotherapy are still the only available or effective ther- apeutic strategies [1]. ACC is still a homogeneous class with unique biological characteristics from a pan-cancer landscape, even if ACC emerges heterogeneous molecu- lar profiles. Hitherto, several biomarkers associated with diagnosis, prognosis, or therapy, which might exert vital roles in determining the aggressiveness of ACC, have been reported. Molecular studies have demonstrated that TP53 [6, 7] and CTNNB1 [8] mutations serve as the most common driver genes for ACC patients. About 10% ACC patients from the TCGA datasets had a pathoge- netic TP53 variant [8]. Sbiera et al. proposed that SOAT1 may serve as molecular target of mitotane in ACC [9]. Accumulative literatures have demonstrated that inhibi- tion of WNT-ß-catenin signaling pathway [10], cell-cycle progression through down-regulation of p53-RB [11], defects in mismatch repair related enzymes (dMMR) [12], DNA methylation [13], and abnormal maintenance of telomere (ATRX [14, 15], DAX [16] and TERT [8, 17]), were closely bound up with the deterioration and poor prognosis of ACC. In addition, the unique feature of ACC is steroid differentiation, which has been viewed as a potential therapeutic target. Some drugs are undergo- ing preclinical or clinical research [18]. Despite the above biomarkers of ACC have attracted soaring attention, the relevant research is still in the stage of experimental research or clinical trial. Hence, it is necessary to scout masked bio-targets to forecast the prognosis in the early stage or adopt new treatment strategies.
The centromeric protein F (CENPF), a mitotic cen- tromere protein, is involved in chromosome segregation during mitosis of cell cycle and expressed in a cell cycle- related pattern. The expression peak of CENPF is in the cell cycle of the G2/M phase. The aberrant expression of CENPF has been found in multiple malignancies, includ- ing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [19-21], prostate cancer [22], and other carcinomas [23, 24], but little lit- erature about ACC. Specifically, the latest studies have acclaimed that overexpression of CENPF markedly pro- moted cell proliferation in HCC [20] and induced tumor metastasis in prostate cancer with a poor prognosis [25]. Lin et al. have reported that the signal transduction medi- ated by CENPF promoted the recurrence and metastasis
of prostate cancer [26]. Consequently, CENPF might be a meaningful biomarker for inferring the prognosis of various cancers, including ACC; Moreover, screening the potential molecular mechanisms of CENPF medi- ated carcinogenic or anti-tumor signaling pathways may furnish new therapeutic strategies for ACC. Glancing at the expression profiles of CENPF in various cancers, we found that CENPF was overexpressed in ACC and nega- tively correlated with prognosis. However, the expres- sion level, genetic changes, biological process, molecular mechanism, and prognosis of CENPF in ACC have not been further elucidated.
As one of the powerful weapons for biomedical research, the gene-chip and high-throughput sequenc- ing technology has greatly enriched and promoted the research of cancer genomics [27-29]. In this essay, com- bined with the IHC detection of human samples, cell line experiment, and the analysis of GEO and TCGA data- bases, it suggested that CENPF was overexpressed, asso- ciated with a dismal prognosis, involved in cell cycle, and related signaling pathways in ACC. The results of this study will help to broaden the understanding of ACC, comprehensively analyze the correlation between CENPF and the pathogenesis and progress of ACC, and furnish beneficial clues for the initiation and development of ACC.
Materials and methods
Clinical specimens
All Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (PPFE) sam- ples were collected from patients diagnosed as ACC and adrenocortical adenoma and stored at 20-25 ℃, from Jan 2011 to Jan 2021 at Taihe Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, China. According to the pathological char- acteristics of two pathologists, all ACC patients were diagnosed and graded. Finally, 6 cases of ACC, 12 cases of adrenocortical adenoma (benign tumor), and 12 cases of normal adrenal cortex samples (adjacent to adrenocor- tical adenoma) were involved in this study. Details of all enrolled patients were listed in Additional file 1: Table S1.
Histological analysis
Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of PPFE samples were conducted follow- ing the steps in the manufacturer’s instructions. Spe- cifically, 3 um of ACC tissues, adrenocortical adenoma tissues, and normal adrenal cortex tissues were sliced from the PPFE. For HE, tissue sections were stained with a hematoxylin-eosin staining kit (E607318-0200, San- gon, Shanghai) for morphological observations. For IHC, all slices were dewaxed with xylene and rehydrated with graded ethanol. The 3% hydrogen peroxide was used to block endogenous peroxidase activity in methanol for
10 min. The sections were incubated with CENPF pri- mary antibody (Additional file 2: Table S2) for 1 h at 37 ℃, and incubated with HRP labeled the second anti- body at 37 ℃ for 0.5 h, hematoxylin staining was per- formed at 37 ℃ for 30 s. Lastly, CENPF positive cells were tallied in five random high-power fields (400x), and the average positive cell ratio was calculated.
Bioinformatics data processing
The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) of NCBI, an open- access genomics database, was widely used for the sys- tematic analysis of cancer genes. Only two GEO datasets were retrieved for analysis of adrenocortical carcinoma, including GSE90713 and GSE19750. Details of those datasets were listed in Additional file 3: Table S3. The ACC data of TCGA were derived from Genomic Data Commons Data Portal, containing 79 ACC samples.
As an interactive online service platform, Gene Expres- sion Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) is widely con- ducted to analyze gene expression of tumors and control samples from the TCGA and GTEx datasets [30]. Thus, the GEPIA dataset was utilized to measure the mRNA expression of CENPF between ACC and normal tissues, and different pathological stages.
Correlation between CENPF expression and clinicopathological parameters in ACC
The correlation between CENPF and clinicopathological features was studied based on the TCGA-ACC dataset. The79 ACC tissues in the expression matrix were divided into two groups, including 39 ACC tissues with CENPF low expression (CENPFlow) and 40 ACC samples with CENPF high expression (CENPFhigh) by the median cut- offs. The expression groups were grouped by the ‘ggrisk’ package of R software (version 4.0.0) [31, 32]. Sanguini diagram was drawn via the ‘ggalluval’ package [33] for displaying the distribution of the gene expression in sur- vival status, ages, genders, stages, and other clinical char- acteristics for ACC. Then, the univariate (uni-cox) and multivariate cox (multi-cox) regression analyses were analyzed and applied to develop the Nomogram. Then, ‘forestplot’ R packages were applied to present several parameters, including the p-values, HR, and 95% confi- dence interval (CI) by forest [34]. Based on the results of multi-cox analysis, The Nomogram was constructed to provide a graphical representation of the risk factors and calculate the 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year overall recurrence for an ACC patient via ‘rms’ R package [35].
Prognosis of CENPF expression in ACC
The prognosis analysis, including overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), was performed in
ACC with CENPFhigh and CENPFlow by ‘survival’ and ‘survminer’ packages [31]. The timeROC analysis was applied to predict the accuracy of CENPF and risk score by the ‘timeROC’ package [32], and the AUC threshold is set to 0.80.
Gene-set enrichment analysis (GSEA)
The GSEA software 4.0.3 (Broad Institute, USA) was applied to probe and uncovered biological mechanisms in TCGA-ACC patients, including 39 CENPFlow and 40 CENPFhigh ACC samples [36, 37]. The four predefined gene-sets, including ‘c2.cp.kegg.v7.2.symbols.gmt’, ‘h.all. v7.2.symbols.gmť, ‘c2.cp.go.v7.2.symbols.gmt, and ‘c2. cp.biocarta.v7.2.symbols.gmt’ were analyzed. Normal- ized enrichment scores (NES) were reckoned as the main GSEA statistic results. Statistical significance threshold were set as |NES|>1, normalized p-values (NOM p-val- ues) <0.05 and FDR <0.25. Additionally, analysis of pro- tein-protein interaction (PPI) network was performed to explore the interaction between CENPF and related pro- teins based on The Search Tool for the Retrieval of Inter- acting Genes (STRING) database (version 11.5).
Immune cell infiltration signatures
As one of the crucial indicators to speculate the effect of immunotherapy, the immune cell infiltration in tumors has become a research hotspot [38]. CIBERSORTx, the online service platform that estimated the abundance of multiple cell types in the mixed cell population by input- ting a standardized gene expression matrix [39], was carried out to analyze immune cell infiltration based on the TCGA-ACC dataset. The results showed the abun- dance of 22 types of immune cells, including T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, macrophages (Mo), dendritic cells (DC), and granulocytes (mast cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils). ‘Limma’ package of R soft- ware was performed to normalize the expression matrix from the TCGA dataset. Then, the expression of LAG3, CTLA4, PD-1, PD-L1, and HAVCR2, closely related to immunotherapy, were explored in ACC [40]. To pre- dict the anti-tumor effect of immunosuppressive agents, the ‘ggstatsplot’ package of R software was further con- ducted to analyze the correlation between the expression of CENPF and microsatellite instability (MSI) or tumor mutation burden (TMB) [41].
Gene-drug interaction network
The gene-drug interaction network of CENPF was con- structed via Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) [42] for chemotherapeutic drugs that could
reduce or elevate the mRNA or protein expression levels of CENPF, and visualized by the OmicShare tools.
Human SW13 cells in vitro assay
The siRNA experiment
The siRNA transfections were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. As one of the human ACC cell lines, SW13 cells were transfected with 50 nmol of CENPF siRNA (siCENPF), CDK1 siRNA (siCDK1), or negative control siRNA (siNC) in a spe- cial medium (CM0451, Procell, China) for 48 h. Then, SW13 cells were lysed by TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, USA) for total RNA isolation. The cDNA was obtained by reverse transcriptase kit (Invitrogen, USA). SYBR Green PCR Mixture (Qiagen, Germany) and specific primers were performed in ABI Prism 7500 analyzer (Applied Biosystems, USA). GAPDH was an endog- enous reference gene. Three replicates were set for all reactions. The 2-AACt method was applied to calculate the relative expression of CENPF or CDK1 in ACC samples. The details of primers were listed in Addi- tional file 4: Table S4.
Western blotting
The human SW13 cells were transfected with siRNA targeting CENPF, CDK1, or control siRNA for 48 h. Cell lysates were denatured for SDS-PAGE electropho- resis and then were transferred to PVDF membranes (Millipore, USA). The PVDF membranes were incu- bated with CENPF or CDK1 antibody (Additional file 2: Table S2) overnight at 4 ℃ and incubated with the sec- ondary HRP-labeled antibody for 1 h at room tempera- ture. Lastly, the PVDF membranes were visualized by Lumi-Glo reagents (Millipore, USA).
Cell proliferation assay
A total of 1 × 104 cells of human SW13 cells were seeded in 96-well plates at 100 uL and transfected with 50 nmol of siCENPF, siCDK1, or siNC, then added 10 µL CCK-8 solution (Beyotime, China) to each well. After incubated for 96 h, the absorbance (optical den- sity, OD), representing the density of cells, was meas- ured at 450 nm.
Cell migration assay
Wound healing experiments were performed to ana- lyze cell migration. Human SW13 cells were plated in 12-well plates in DMEM with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and transfected with 50 nmol of siCENPF, siCDK1, or siNC for 48 h. A 20 uL pipette tip was uti- lized to make wounds. Then each well was washed five times by PBS to remove the floating cells, and 4 mL
DMEM (10% FBS, 1% antibiotic-antimycotic) was sub- jected. The scratch areas were drawn at 0 and 48 h.
Cell adhesion assay
Human SW13 cells were seeded in 12-well plates (1 x 105 cells/mL), transfected with 50 nmol of siRNAs for 48 h, and then transferred to 24-well plates for 3 h. All cells were rinsed and fixed with 4% PFA for 20 min. Then, cells were stained by Cristal-violet Staining Kits (Beyotime, China) and incubated for 10 min. Cells adhered to the stroma were photographed and counted by Image J software.
Cell invasion assay
Human SW13 cells transfected with siCENPF, CDK1, or siNC for 48 h were plated in TranswellR cell culture chambers (Corning, USA) with 1× 104 cells/well. The upper chamber of a TranswellR insert was filled with cell suspension. High concentration FBS (20% FBS), as a chemoattractant, was subjected to the lower chamber for 24 h. The cells under the membrane were fixed with 4% PFA and stained with crystal violet. Cells were pho- tographed and counted by Image J software in ten ran- dom fields per chamber.
Cell apoptosis analyses
Human SW13 cells transfected with siCENPF, CDK1, or siNC for 48 h were disposed with Annexin V-FITC kit (Beyotime Biotechnology, China) and analyzed by flow cytometry (FACSCalibur, Bio-Rad, USA) to detect cell apoptosis. Data were analyzed using FlowJo7.6 software.
Cell cycle assay
For cell cycle assay, a cell cycle assay kit (ab112116, Abcam) was purchased. After being transfected with siCENPF, CDK1, or siNC for 48 h, SW13 cells were har- vested and fixed in 70% ice-cold ethanol overnight at 4 ℃. Then cells were analyzed by the Cell Cycle Assay Kit (ab112116, Abcam) in a flow cytometer. Lastly, data were analyzed by FlowJo7.6 software.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was conducted via SPSS 22.0 (IBM SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL) or GraphPad Prism 9.0 (San Diego, CA) software. The results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Comparison of two groups was performed by two-tail Student’s t-test or one-way analysis of variance. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess the correlation between gene expression and clinical characteristics. The univariate
(uni-cox) and multivariate cox (multi-cox) regres- sion models were used to analyze the effect of CENPF expression on survival time and other clinical char- acteristics (stage, grade, etc.). Kaplan-Meier survival curves were compared using the log-rank test. The Pearson’s correlation test was performed to examine the correlation between two parameters. p<0.05 was considered as a significant difference (ns = no signifi- cance, *p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001).
Results
CENPF is overexpressed in ACC, but not in adrenocortical adenoma or normal adrenal cortex tissues
Significant differences were found in morphology and histology among normal adrenal cortex, adrenocortical adenoma (benign tumor), and ACC (malignant tumor). Firstly, gross specimen photography showed that for adrenocortical adenoma, the nodule section was golden and hard; For ACC, the capsule was intact or defective, some areas were gray red, and necrotic (Fig. 1a). Results of IHC-P showed that CENPF was mostly upregulated in ACC compared with adrenocortical adenoma samples or normal adrenal cortex tissues, but no significant dif- ference was discovered between adrenocortical adenoma and normal tissues (p<0.001, Fig. 1b, c). Furthermore, the results were validated in public databases, includ- ing GEO and TCGA datasets, for ACC patients. The mRNA expression of CENPF was dramatically overex- pressed in GSE90713 (p<0.01, Fig. 1d). But interestingly, there was no significant difference in the expression of this gene in GSE19750 (p=0.11, Fig. 1e). This might be in case of too small sample size in normal adrenocorti- cal tissues (n=4). Meanwhile, the controversy attracted us to further explore. Moreover, correlation analysis by the GEPIA database showed that the mRNA expression of CENPF was evidently overexpressed in ACC tumors compared with that in normal ones (p<0.001, Fig. 1f), and was positively correlated with the tumor stage for ACC (p<0.001, Fig. 1g).
Additionally, Ki67, as a cell proliferation index, was investigated in ACC. According to the proportion of Ki67 positive cells in ACC, the relationship between the expression of CENPF and cell proliferation was further discussed. As result, the expression of CENPF, namely the proportion of CENPF positive cells, was positively correlated with the proportion of Ki67 positive cells (p=0.008, R=0.85, Fig. 2a, b). Moreover, the expres- sion of CENPF was positively correlated with that of MKI67 expression based on the TCGA-ACC dataset (p=0, R=0.91, Fig. 2c). It indicated that the expression of CENPF was closely related to the cell proliferation in patients with ACC.
Analysis of CENPF in clinicopathological parameters for ACC patients
For figuring out the correlation between CENPF expres- sion and clinicopathological parameters in ACC, all ACC patients were divided into two subgroups, includ- ing 39 CENPFlow and 40 CENPFhigh samples according to the median cutoffs (Fig. 3a). As presented in Table 1, the expression of CENPF was not correlated with age, gender, laterality, and mitotane therapy (p>0.05). Com- pared with CENPFlow, ACC patients with CENPFhigh suf- fered manifestly advanced pathological stages (especially stage III and IV, p<0.001). In tumor status, new events, or residual tumor, more ACC cases with CENPFhigh were prone to lose the chance of surgery, relapse, or form residual tumor than CENPFlow (p<0.001). Additionally, the CENPFhigh group showed a higher Weiss score (espe- cially Weiss score 6-9, p=0.002). Moreover, the sanguini diagram described the distribution of CENPF in age, gen- der, pTNM stage, and status (Fig. 3b). Further, the corre- lation between CENPF and relevant clinical parameters, including age, gender, pTNM stage, etc. on the OS of ACC patients were identified via the uni-cox and multi- cox regression analysis. As result, the CENPF expres- sion and pTNM stage were closely related to the OS of ACC patients in uni-cox analysis (Fig. 3c, all p<0.05), and the CENPF expression and pTNM stage could be served as independent prognostic factors for ACC patients in multi-cox analysis (Fig. 3d, all p<0.05). Finally, the sur- vival rate of 1-year, 2- year, or 3- year in one ACC patient related to high CENPF expression was evaluated by Nomogram (Fig. 3e).
Overexpressed CENPF is associated with dismal survival in ACC patients
According to the survival rate analysis, upregulation of CENPF expression predicts poor OS (HR=8.66, log- rank p=1.8e-05; Fig. 4a) and PFS (HR=4.11, log-rank p=6.68e-05; Fig. 4c) in ACC. ROC curve analyses dem- onstrated that the AUC of CENPF at 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year for OS (Fig. 3b) and PFS (Fig. 3d) pointed out that the expression of CENPF has a good predictive effect on the prognosis of ACC (all AUC value>0.75). Addi- tionally, subgroup analyses indicated that overexpres- sion of CENPF in ACC patients acted as a risk factor for 30-month, 60-month, and 120-month OS (all log-rank p ≤0.001, Fig. 4e-g).
GSEA analyses reveal masked molecular mechanisms of CENPF in tumorigenesis and progression
To uncover the potential roles of CENPF in cancer-related signaling pathways, GSEA was carried out to explain the gene expression profiles of ACC samples with CENPFlow
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Fig. 2 The expression of CENPF was positively related to the cell proliferation index, Ki67. a, b The proportion of CENPF positive cells was positively correlated with the proportion of Ki67 positive cells (n=6). c Based on TCGA-ACC, the expression of CENPF was positively correlated with that of MKI67 at the RNA level. The expression of CENPF or Ki67 was depicted by the red arrows
and CENPFhigh. According to GSEA analysis of the KEGG pathway, CENPFhigh patients were mainly enriched in cell cycle, DNA replication, nucleotide excision repair, and p53 signaling pathway, etc. (Fig. 5a, Additional file 5:
Table S5). Then, GSEA enrichment analyses of Biocarta pathway and Hallmark description suggested that cell cycle (NES=2.03, p=0; especially G2-phase of mitosis, NES=1.96, p=0), G2/M checkpoint (NES=2.01, p=0),
| Uni cox | Pvalue | Hazard Ratio(95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CENPF | <0.0001 | 2.12183(1.64705,2.73345) | H |
| Age | 0.37934 | 1.01097(0.98667,1.03587) | |
| Gender | 0.99857 | 1.00069(0.46855,2.13721) | |
| pTNM stage | 1e-05 | 2.62824(1.71405,4.03) | |
| newTumor | 0.06731 | 1.53076(0.97013,2.41537) | |
| Radiation therapy | 0.46481 | 1.41261(0.55944,3.56687) |
| Mult cox | p.value | Hazard Ratio(95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CENPF | 0.00998 | 1.76346(1.1454,2.71504) | |
| Age | 0.03418 | 1.03516(1.00258,1.0688) | |
| Gender | 0.46689 | 0.61951(0.17055,2.25038) | |
| pTNM stage | 0.00633 | 1.9545(1.20815,3.16191) | |
| newTumor | 0.01278 | 2.25372(1.18878,4.27267) | |
| Radiation therapy | 0.79008 | 1.17063(0.36702,3.73382) | TTTTTTIm |
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Fig. 3 Prognosis analysis of CENPF in clinicopathological parameters for ACC patients. a CENPF expression (high or low) and survival status (alive or dead) of ACC patients. All the sample order is consistent. b Sanguini diagram for depicting the distribution of CENPF expression in age, gender, pTNM stage, and survival status. The P-value and hazard ratio of CENPF and associated parameters of the uni-cox (c) and multi-cox (d) analysis. e Nomogram for assessing the survival rate of 1-year, 2- year, and 3-year in ACC patients related to CENPF expression
and E2F targets (NES=2.04, p=0) were mostly enriched in ACC patients with CENPFhigh, which implied that CENPF might regulate cell cycle by interacting with E2Fs proteins (Fig. 5b, Additional file 6: Table S6, Additional file 7: Table S7, and Additional file 8: Table S8). Addition- ally, relevant studies have proclaimed that E2F1 played the role as a transcription factor of CENPF in the NCI- 60 cell line [43] and regulated the cell cycle of the G2/M- phase transition [44, 45]. Thus, we supposed that CENPF may regulate the cell cycle by interacting with E2F1 in ACC. Venn graph suggested that 20 genes (CDK1, CDC25A, CDKN1A, E2F1, CCNB1, CDKN2D, ATR, TP53, ATM, CDK2, CCNE1, CDKN2A, TFDP1, CCND1, CDK6, CCNA1, CDK4, CDKN1B, CDKN2B and RB1) were co-expressed in at least two groups (Fig. 5c). It has been reported that CENPF mainly regulated the spin- dle separation in mitosis [46]. As listed in Fig. 5d and
Additional file 7: Table S7, “spindle midzone” was the top 1 term in GESA analysis of GO terms. By screening the correlation, expression, and prognosis of these 20 genes, we picked out that CDK1, CCNB1and E2F1 were mostly overexpressed in ACC samples compared with normal ones (Fig. 5f, all p<0.05), and positively relevant with the expression of CENPF (Fig. 5e, all p<0.01). The over- expressed CDK1, CCNB1, and E2F1 also were related to the negative OS of ACC patients (Fig. 5g, all p<0.01). In addition, the PPI network revealed that close interactions were found among CENPF, CDK1, and CCNB1 (Fig. 5h). Thus, it suggested that CENPF regulated the cell cycle by interacting with CDK1, E2F1, and CCNB1 in ACC. The overexpressed CENPF might play pivotal roles in the reg- ulation of the G2/M-phase transition mediated cell cycle in the progression of ACC.
| Characteristic | CENPF expression level | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low (n =39) | High (n=40) | ||
| Age, n (%) | 0.571 | ||
| ≤50 | 22 (27.8%) | 19 (24.1%) | |
| >50 | 17 (21.5%) | 21 (26.6%) | |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.196 | ||
| Female | 27 (34.2%) | 21 (26.6%) | |
| Male | 12 (15.2%) | 19 (24.1%) | |
| Pathologic stage, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Stage I | 8 (10.4%) | 1 (1.3%) | |
| Stage II | 25 (32.5%) | 12 (15.6%) | |
| Stage III | 4 (5.2%) | 12 (15.6%) | |
| Stage IV | 2 (2.6%) | 13 (16.9%) | |
| Tumor status, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Tumor free | 28 (36.4%) | 11 (14.3%) | |
| With tumor | 11 (14.3%) | 27 (35.1%) | |
| New events, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| No | 28 (36.8%) | 11 (14.5%) | |
| Yes | 11 (14.5%) | 26 (34.2%) | |
| Residual tumorª, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| R0 | 38 (54.3%) | 17 (24.3%) | |
| R1 | 0 (0%) | 6 (8.6%) | |
| R2 | 0 (0%) | 9 (12.9%) | |
| Laterality, n (%) | 0.436 | ||
| Left | 20 (25.3%) | 25 (31.6%) | |
| Right | 19 (24.1%) | 15 (19%) | |
| Mitotane therapy, n (%) | 0.259 | ||
| No | 16 (21.3%) | 10 (13.3%) | |
| Yes | 22 (29.3%) | 27 (36%) | |
| Weiss score, n (%) | 0.002 | ||
| 2 | 3 (4.9%) | 0 (0%) | |
| 3 | 9 (14.8%) | 2 (3.3%) | |
| 4 | 7 (11.5%) | 2 (3.3%) | |
| 5 | 5 (8.2%) | 2 (3.3%) | |
| 6 | 3 (4.9%) | 5 (8.2%) | |
| 7 | 5 (8.2%) | 4 (6.6%) | |
| 8 | 1 (1.6%) | 8 (13.1%) | |
| 9 | 0 (0%) | 5 (8.2%) | |
ª Residual tumor: RO, no residual tumor; R1, residual tumor under the
microscope; R2, residual tumor under-eye field
CENPF interference affects the regulation of cell cycle in SW13 cells
To further search the role of CENPF in ACC, CENPF siR- NAs (siCENPF) were conducted via ACC cell line, human SW13 cells, as in vitro experiments. The expression of CENPF was overtly inhibited in siCENPF, compared with siNC Fig. 6a, b). In cell proliferation assay, CENPF interference evidently inhibited cell proliferation (Fig. 6c)
and cell migration (Fig. 6d) in human SW13 cells after cells were transfected for 48 h. Inhibition of CENPF dis- tinctly reduced adhesion between tumor cells and matrix (Fig. 6e) and cell invasion (Fig. 6f) in human SW13 cells. In addition, flow cytometry assay proclaimed that down- regulation of CENPF overtly intensified cell apoptosis, including early and late stages of cell apoptosis (18.46% vs 36.56%, Fig. 6g). Then, CENPF interference induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M-phase transition in human SW13 cells (28.2% vs 6.4%, Fig. 6h). As analyzed above in Fig. 5, the expression of CENPF was closely related to CDK1 in ACC. Therefore, SiCDK1 was designed to probe the correlation between CENPF and CDK1 (Additional file 9: Fig. S1a, b). Down-regulation of CDK1 significantly suppressed cell proliferation (Additional file 9: Fig. S1c) and cell mobility (Fig. 6d) in human SW13 cells after cells were transfected 48 h. Down-regulation of CDK1 significantly restrained adhesion between tumor cells and matrix (Fig. 6e) and cell invasion (Fig. 6f) in human SW13 cells. Additionally, the flow cytometry experiment depicted that down-regulation of CDK1 overtly aug- mented cell apoptosis, including early and late stages of cell apoptosis (18.46% vs 28.5%, Fig. 6g). Lastly, CDK1 interference blocked the cell cycle at the G2/M-phase transition in human SW13 cells (28.2% vs 16.2%, Fig. 6h).
CENPF regulates CDK1 expression and p53 signaling in human SW13 cells
The molecular mechanism of CENPF was further explored in SW13 cells. As represented in Fig. 6, inhibi- tion of the expression of CENPF resulted in the decrease of CDK1 expression Fig. 6i), while inhibition of CDK1 had no significant effect on the expression of CENPF (Fig. 6j). It suggested that CENPF might regulate the expression of CDK1. Furthermore, the GSEA enrichment analysis disclosed that the p53 signaling pathway might serve as a masked molecular mechanism of CENPF involved in the occurrence and development of human ACC (Fig. 5a). Therefore, the phosphorylation of p53 (P-p53), the expression levels of p53, p21, and Bax were detected by Western blotting in SW13 cells. As the inter- ference of CENPF and CDK1 by siRNA, the expression levels of P-p53, p21, and Bax were significantly decreased compared with the siNC in SW13 cells (Fig. 6i, j). There- fore, inhibition of CENPF downregulated the expression of CDK1, suppressed the phosphorylation of p53, and altered downstream protein levels, including apoptosis and cell cycle-related proteins.
The potential therapeutic strategies for the therapy of ACC Next, the available chemical drugs and treatment strate- gies, including immunotherapy, that may be favorable for the treatment of ACC were further explored. Firstly,
a
b
C
d
100
Log-rank P = 1.8e-05
HR(High exp)=8.663
1
Overral Survival (%)
True posotive fraction
Progression free survival (%)
100
Log-rank P = 6.68e-05 HR(High exp)=4.116
1
Median time:3years
Median time: 1.3 years
75
75
0.75
True posotive fraction
0.75
50
50
0.5
0.5
25
25
Groups
0.25
Groups
0.25
0
· CENPF high
0
· CENPF high . CENPF low
. CENPF low
Type
Type
CENPF high
40
19
6
2
0
0
1-Years,AUC=0.865,95%CI(0.728-1.002)
CENPF high
40
10
3
1
0
0
1-Years,AUC=0.798,95%CI(0.703-0.893)
CENPF low
39
31
3-Years,AUC=0.937,95%CI(0.886-0.987)
18
8
4
2
0
5-Years,AUC=0.865,95%CI(0.768-0.962)
CENPF low
39
22
3-Years,AUC=0.879,95%CI(0.812-0.946)
15
6
3
2
0
5-Years,AUC=0.896,95%CI(0.829-0.963)
0
2.5
5
7.5
10
12.5
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
0
2.5
5
7.5
10
12.5
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
Time (years)
False posotive fraction
Time (years)
False posotive fraction
e
f
g
100
-
Logrank p= 0.001
100
-
Logrank p = 0.0001
100
-.
Logrank p =7.9E-08
30-month Cumulative Survival (%)
75
60-month Cumulative Survival (%)
75
120-month Cumulative Survival (%)
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
Low CENPF n=38 High CENPF n=38
Low CENPF n=38 High CENPF
Low CENPF High CENPF
0
0
0
0
10
20
30
0
20
40
60
0
30
60
90
120
Time (months)
Time (months)
Time (months)
Fig. 4 The prognosis of CENPF expression in ACC patients. The OS (a), ROC curves of CENPF at 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year for OS (b), PFS (c), ROC curves of CENPF at 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year for PFS (d), the survival rate of 30-month (e), 60-month (f) and 120-month (g) for patients with CENPFhigh and CENPFlow in ACC at the threshold value of p <0.05. In time-dependent ROC analysis, the higher the AUC value, the stronger the predictive ability of the gene
the immune cell infiltration in ACC with CENPFhigh and CENPFlow were analyzed to investigate immunotherapy. All the 79 ACC tissues from the TCGA database were divided into two groups, including 40 CENPFhigh and 39 CENPFlow tissues by the median value. CIBERSORTx was applied to analyze immune cell infiltration, includ- ing 22 cell types with low and high expression of CENPF. p<0.05 was statistically significant. The normalized by ‘Limma’ packages and then filtered groups including 7 CENPFlow and 6 CENPFhigh ACC tissues were identi- fied for further analysis. The expression of 22 immune cell populations for each sample was presented as heat- maps (Fig. 7a). The immune enrichment score was dra- matically various between 6 CENPFhigh and 7 CENPFlow samples. As shown in Fig. 7b, follicular helper T cells, M0 macrophages, Eosinophils were mainly enriched in ACC with CENPFhigh, compared with the CENPFlow group. However, the immune enrichment score of gamma delta T cells, monocytes, and M2 macrophages were much lower in CENPFhigh, compared with the CENPFlow group. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that manifest difference was probed in immune infiltra- tion between CENPFhigh and CENPFlow ACC samples
(Fig. 7c). It might indicate that the immune heterogene- ity of the CENPF was significant in ACC patients. Oth- erwise, the mRNA expression of LAG3, CTLA4, PD-1, PD-L1, and HAVCR2, tightly related to tumor immu- nosuppression or tolerance, were not significant differ- ences in ACC with CENPFhigh, compared with CENPFlow (Fig. 7d, all p>0.05). Moreover, the correlation between the expression of CENPF and MSI or TMB was analyzed to unraveled that CENPF expression was significantly associated with MSI score (Fig. 7e, p=0.034) and TMB score (Fig. 7f, p<0.01) in ACC. It showed that overex- pression of CENPF might augment the accumulation of abnormal gene mutation, namely TMB, in the process of DNA replication in ACC. Then, the gene-drug inter- action network indicated that a variety of drugs could affect the expression levels of CENPF in mRNA or pro- tein levels (Fig. 7g). For example, Cisplatin, Sunitinib, and Etoposide could restrain CENPF expression level while Paclitaxel and Genistein could induce CENPF expression level. Generally, all these CENPF inhibitors were deemed as potential targets for the treatment of ACC.
a
KEGG: Cell cycle
KEGG: DNA replication
KEGG: Nucleotide excision repair
KEGG: p53 signaling pathway
Enrichment score (ES)
0.8
0.9
0.7
NES=2.07
0.8
NES=2.03
0.7
NES=1.95
0.6
NES=1.88
0.6
P=0
0.7
P=0
0. .6
0.5
O.
5
FDR=0
0.6
FDR=0
0.5
P=0
0.4
P=0
FDR=0.002
FDR=0.004
0.4
0. .5
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.
0.3
3
0. 2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.0
0
1
0. .1
0.0
0.0
0.0
I
CENPF high
CENPF low
CENPF high
CENPF low
CENPF high
CENPF low
CENPF high
CENPF low
b
Biocarta: G2 pathway
Biocarta: Cell cycle pathway
Hallmark: G2/M checkpiont
Hallmark: E2F tatgets
Enrichment score (ES)
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
NES=1.96
N
0.7
NES=1.90
0.7
NES=2.01
NES=2.04
0.6
P=0
0.6
P=0
0. .6
P=0
0.7
P=0
0
5
FDR=0.002
0. 0.5
FDR=0.0005
0. .6
0.5
FDR=0.002
0.5 .5
FDR=0.001
0.4
0.4
0. .4
0. 4
0. .3
0. .2
0.3
0. .3
0 3
0. 2
0. 2
O
2
0.
1
0.1
1
0.0
0.0
0.
1
0
0.0
0. .0
CENPF high
CENPF low
CENPF high
CENPF low
CENPF high
CENPF low
CENPF high
CENPF low
C
G1
G2
d
CDK1
CCNE1
3
CDC25A
10
16
CDKN2A
CDKN1A
TFDP1
3
E2F1
CCND1
12
2
CCNB1
CDK6
CDKN2D
CCNA1
6
ATR
CDK4
TP53
CDKN1B
Cell cycle
ATM
CDKN2B
CDK2
RB1
e
f
p-value = 0
.
.
p-value = 0 R = 0.83
*
p-value = 1.2e-07
.
00
0
R = 0.91
·
.
-
0
R = 0.56
·
.
log2(CENPF TPM)
CDK1 mRNA expression
Y CCNB1 mRNA expression
E2F1 mRNA expression
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1
2
3
4
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6
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3
4
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6
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3
4
5
6
ACC (mum(T)=77; num(N)=126)
(num(T)=77; num(N)=128)
ACC
(num(T)=77; num(N)=128)
ACC
log2(CDK1 TPM)
log2(CCNB1 TPM)
log2(E2F1 TPM)
g
h
Overall Survival
Overall Survival
Overall Survival
2
Logrank p=7e-08
9
L
Logrank p=1e-04
9
Logrank p=3.8e-05
CENPF
HR(high)=11
A
“HR(high)=4.9
HR(high)=5.4
p(HR)=1.2e-05
p(HR)=0.00038
p(HR)=0.00018
8
0
0
Percent survival
1
0.6
:
3
CDK1
0.4
5
0
E2F1
CCNB1
8
a
8
8
Low CDK1 TPM n=38 High CDK1 TPM n=38
8
Low CCNB1 TPM n=38 High CCNB1 TPM n=38
8
Low E2F1 TPM n=38 High E2F1 TPM n=38
0
50
100
150
0
50
100
150
0
50
100
150
Months
Months
Months
| Rank | Pathway description | NES | NOM p-val | FDR q-val |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | GO: Spindle Midzone | 2.16 | 0 | 0.0043626 |
| 2 | GO: Recombinational repair | 2.15 | 0 | 0.0021813 |
| 3 | GO: Intesrstrand cross link repair | 2.15 | 0 | 0.0014542 |
| 4 | GO: Histone exchange | 2.12 | 0 | 0.0010907 |
| 5 | GO: G2_DNA damage checkpoint | 2.12 | 0 | 0.0013088 |
| 6 | GO: Negative regulation of nuclear division | 2.11 | 0 | 0.0018513 |
| 7 | GO: Condensed nuclear chromosome | 2.11 | 0 | 0.0015868 |
| 8 | GO: Nnuclear chromosome segregation | 2.10 | 0 | 0.0013885 |
| 9 | GO: Chromosome segregation | 2.10 | 0 | 0.0012342 |
| 10 | GO: Meiotic cell cycke process | 2.10 | 0 | 0.0011108 |
Fig. 5 CENPF regulates the cell cycle by interacting with CDK1, E2F1, and CCNB1 in ACC. a GSEA analysis of the KEGG pathway showed that cell cycle, DNA replication, nucleotide excision repair, and p53 signaling pathway were overtly involved in ACC with CENPFhigh b GSEA analysis of Biocarta pathway and Hallmark description suggested that overexpressed CENPF was positively related to cell cycle (especially G2-phase of mitosis), G2/M checkpoint, and E2F targets. c Venn’s graph demonstrated that 20 genes, including CDK1, E2F1, and CCNB1, were overlapped in at least two groups. d Top 10 GSEA analysis of GO terms. e Correlation analysis between CDK1, CCNB1, E2F1, and CENPF expression in ACC. f Expression of CDK1 and E2F1 in ACC and normal samples. g Survival analysis of CDK1, CCNB1, and E2F1 in ACC based on GEPIA database. h PPI network figured out the close interactions among CENPF, CDK1, and CCNB1
a
b
C
1.5-
**
1.2-
0
siNC
Relative expression (CENPF)
SiCENPF
**
0.9-
**
4
1.0-
OD(450)
*
0.6-
9
0.5-
CENPF
0.3-
C
0.0
ß-actin
SiNC
SİCENPF
0.0
SiNC
SİCENPF
on
24h
48h
72h
96h
d
e
SİNC
siCENPF
siCDK1
siNC
siCENPF
siCDK1
Persent of siNC group (%)
120
T
80-
0h
0
40-
0
f
SINC
SİCENPF
SiCDK1
siNC
siCENPF
siCDK1
Persent of siNC group (%)
120
48h
80-
40-
0
SINC SİCENPF
g
SiCDK1
SİNC
siCENPF
siCDK1
3.47%
18.46%
1.62%
36.56%
1.29%
28.5%
9.48%
6.26%
15.3%
İ
PI PE
j
> PI PE
PI PE
78.1%
8.98%
61.8%
30.3%
70.2%
13.2%
P-p53
P-p53
Annexin-V FITC
Annexin-V FITC
Annexin-V FITC
p53
p53
h
siNC
siCENPF
siCDK1
800
p21
p21
G1
G2
800
G1
G2
1000
G1
G2
GO/G1=22.1%
GO/G1=33.7%
GO/G1=33.8%
BOC
S=49.7%
600
S=59.9%
800
S=50.0%
Bax
Count
G2/M=28.2%
G2/M=6.4%
G2/M=16.2%
Bax
400
Count
Count
400
600
400
A
CDK1
CENPF
200
200
20
o
0
na
0
102
10
ß-actin
ß-actin
10
10
10-
10
10
10”
10
10
10
10
102
10°
10°
FL1-H
FL1-H
FL1-H
SiNC
SİCENPF
SİNC
SİCDK1
SiNC
80-
siCENPF
SiNC
60-
siCDK1
Cell Population (%)
60-
ns
ns
Cell Population (%)
40
40
20
20
2
0
GO/G1
5
G2/M
0
GOG1
5
G2/M
a
b
ACC with CENPF low (n=7)
ACC with CENPF high (n=6)
ACC with CENPF low
ACC with CENPF high
Type
Macrophages M2
0.8
T cells CD8
T cells CD4 memory
resting Macrophages MO
Mast cells resting
Immune fraction
0.6
Monocytes
Macrophages M1
Neutrophils
T cells CD4 memory
0.4.
activated NK cells resting
B cells naive
Plasma cells
0.6
NK cells activated
Mast cells activated
0.5
0.2
Dendritic cells activated
0.4
B cells memory
T cells CD4 naive
0.3
Eosinophils
0.0
T cells gamma delta
0.2
Dendritic cells resting
T cells follicular helper
0.1
T cells regulatory (Tregs)
0
=
=
=
-
=
B cells memory
Plasma cells
T cells CDB
T cells CD4 naive
T cells CD4 memory restiny
T cells CD4 memory acuvar helper
T cells follicular
T cells regulatory (Tregs)
T cells gamma delle
NK cells resting
NK cells activateo
Monocytes
Macrophages Mu
Macrophages M :
Macrophages Mz
Dendritic cells resting
Dendritic cells activated
Mast cells resting
Mast cells activated
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
C
ACC with CENPF low
ACC with CENPF high
d
0.4
ns
HAVCR2
ACC with CENPF low (n=39)
ACC with CENPF high (n=40)
PC1, 44.06% variation
ns
0.2
PD-L1
PD-1
ns
0
CTLA-4
ns
-0.2
LAG3
ns
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0
2
4
6
PC2, 24.52% variation
mRNA expression
e
log.(s) _ 11.04, p = 0.034, Îspearman = 0.24, Clys% [0.01, 0.44], npairs = 79
f
log.(s) - 10.64, p = 1.32e-05, Îspearman = 0.47, Clys% [0.27, 0.63], [pairs = 78
g
Methotrexate
Cisplatin
Lucanthone
Vincristine
0.6-
4.
Etoposide
Genistein
MSI score
0.5-
TMB score
3
2
Paclitaxel
Irinotecan
CENPF
0.4-
1
·
00
Dasatinib
2
Resveratrol
0
0
0
2
4
6
0
2
4
6
Sunitinib
Logz (CENPF expression)
Log2 (CENPF expression)
Discussion
Accumulative kinds of literature have asserted that CENPF is closely related to cell proliferation as well as
tumorigenesis [19, 20, 46]. In recent years, shreds of evi- dence have arisen that the overexpression of CENPF was a frequent behavior in different malignant tumors and
was closely related to the tumor deterioration and dis- mal prognosis in multiple neoplasms, including HCC [19, 20], breast cancer [23], prostate cancer [22] and other tumors [24]. In prostate cancer, CENPF has been proved to be a primary regulatory factor of prostate cancer and a bleak prognostic predictor of survival and metastasis [25]. Nevertheless, the expression alteration, molecular mechanisms, and biological functions of CENPF in ACC are still unclear. This essay aimed to systematically study the expression patterns, prognosis, and latent functions of CENPF in ACC.
In human ACC samples, the IHC staining showed that CENPF was significantly overexpressed and positively correlated with cell proliferation index, Ki67. It suggested that hyper-expression of CENPF may serve a pivotal role in the process of cell proliferation. Compared with single array analysis, comprehensive analysis of multi- ple arrays has been considered as a rational and feasible method to analyze the reliability of results [47]. Thus, further insight into the expression of CENPF was gained via assaying ACC-related datasets from GEO and TCGA. It confirmed that CENPF was upregulated in ACC, com- pared with normal ones, and positively correlated with pathological stage. The uni-cox and multi-cox analysis suggested that the CENPF expression and pTNM stage were correlated with the OS of ACC patients and might serve as independent prognostic factors in ACC patients. Thus, it suggested that CENPF could be viewed as a bio- marker to make a distinction between ACC and adreno- cortical adenoma or normal adrenal cortex tissues. Then, the prognosis of CENPF was evaluated to announce that overexpression of CENPF was overtly related to the poor OS and PFS in ACC patients. Overexpression of CENPF was associated with poor 30-month, 60-month, and 120- month OS. Our results were reinforced by the number of publications. Huang Y et al. asserted that up-regula- tion of CENPF was a hazard factor for the prognosis of HCC [21]. A recent study suggested that overexpressed CENPF exerted as a cancer-driver gene in the formation and development of human cancers [48]. Consequently, our results showed that the expression of CENPF was upregulated in ACC and might play a crucial role in the tumorigenesis of ACC. Then, the GSEA enrichment anal- ysis of the KEGG pathway indicated that CENPFhigh was mainly involved in the cell cycle, p53 signaling pathway, and DNA replication. Moreover, the GSEA analyses of the Biocarta pathway and Hallmark description uncov- ered that CENPF regulated the G2/M-phase cell cycle by interacting with CDK1, E2F1, and CCNB1 in human ACC.
Based on the above results, the siRNA system was established to further explore potential biological func- tions and molecular mechanisms by performing in vitro
experiments in ACC cell line, human SW13 cells. It showed that interference of CENPF inhibited the cell proliferation, adhesion between tumor cells and matrix, cell migration, cell invasion, and the G2/M-phase transi- tion, while remarkably enhancing cell apoptosis of SW13 cells. These results indicated that CENPF might induce the G2/M-phase transition by interacting with CDK1, which played a vital role in promoting cell proliferation. And, the overexpression of CENPF induced cell migra- tion, cell invasion, and inhibiting cell apoptosis. By west- ern blotting, interference of CENPF and CDK1 by siRNA, the phosphorylation of p53 (P-p53), the expression levels of p21, and Bax were decreased compared with the siNC in SW13 cells. Therefore, the CENPF upregulated the expression level of CDK1, the phosphorylation of p53, and altered downstream protein levels, including apopto- sis and cell cycle-related proteins.
Previous literature reports enhanced our results. Kojima K et al. demonstrated that CDK1 inhibitor enhanced p53 mediated mitochondrial apoptosis by Bax activation and the G2/M-phase cell cycle arrest in acute myeloid leukemia [49]. Chen S et al. corroborated that the activation of p53 and p21 can inhibit the expression of CDKs, E2Fs, and other factors that promote DNA replication in the cell cycle of G1/S-phase arrest in blad- der cancer [50]. Danupon N et al. reported that CCNB1/ CDK1 complex was relocated to mitochondria dur- ing the G2/M phase to phosphorylate and activate p53 at Ser-315, thus inducing an anti-apoptotic response in HCT116 cells [51]. Bowen et al. asserted that CCNB1/ CDK1 regulated mitochondrial energy metabolism, pro- moted cell cycle progression and tumor response to radi- otherapy [52, 53]. Abnormal mitosis induced by CCNB1/ CDK1 complex is an enormous element of cancer devel- opment or progression [54]. Combined with previous related research, we draw the conclusion that overex- pression of CENPF upregulated CDK1 mediated G2/M- phase transition, cell proliferation, cell migration, and invasion. Meanwhile, overexpression of CENPF activated p53 mediated anti-tumor effect by inducing P-p53, p21 mediated G2/M-phase cell cycle arrest, or Bax-mediated cell apoptosis in ACC (Fig. 8).
Although a variety of biomarkers or underlying molec- ular mechanisms have been reported, there is still a lack of effective drugs for ACC patients [55]. Accordingly, it is necessary to further investigate the potential target genes or immunotherapy related to the high expression of CENPF. Firstly, the immune microenvironment has been viewed as one of the hallmarks of multiple cancer [56]. In this study, the immune cell population of ACC with CENPFhigh and CENPFlow was analyzed by CIBERSORTx to show that the cell subtypes were significantly different in ACC samples of CENPFhigh, compared with CENPFlow.
Human SW13 cells
DNA damage etc. in ACC cells
Stimulatory action Inhibitory action
nucleus
cytoplasm
..
CENPF inhibitors
p53
CENPF
P-p53
E2F1
p21
CDK1
CCNB1
Bax
G2
M
Cell cycle
Cell apoptosis
S
GO/G1
Excessive cell proliferation, TMB etc. Tumorigenesis and progress
CCNB1, alias for Cyclin B1
Fig. 8 Mechanism diagram. Overexpressed CENPF could induce the expression of CDK1, augment G2/M-phase conversion, promote cell proliferation and lead to the accumulation of abnormal gene mutations, namely TMB, during the process of DNA replication or cell cycle. Meanwhile, these tumor signatures, including DNA damage, etc., might trigger the activation of the p53 signaling pathway and the downstream expression of p21 and Bax, thus inducing p53 mediated anti-tumor effect by arresting the cell cycle of G2/M-phase and boosting cell apoptosis in ACC
Specifically, follicular helper T cells, MO macrophages, Eosinophils were enriched in ACC with CENPFhigh, compared with CENPFlow. Moreover, patients with high CENPF expression characterized higher TMB score and MSI score. Additionally, the expression of LAG3, CTLA4, HAVCR2, PD-1 and PD-L1, closely related to immunosuppression, were not evidently different in ACC patients of CENPFhigh group and CENPFlow group. The result indicated that overexpression of CENPF might accumulate TMB and MSI in the process of DNA rep- lication. Moreover, gene-drug interaction network was constructed by CTD and found that multiple CENPF inhibitors, including Cisplatin, Sunitinib, and Etoposide, might act as beneficial targets for the treatment of ACC. However, identification and verification of these assump- tion are still demanded further molecular mechanisms, pharmaceutical or clinical trials in the future.
In this paper, we have discussed that overexpressed CENPF was closely related to the occurrence and devel- opment of ACC, indicating that CENPF might be acted as promising prognostic markers or therapeutic targets for ACC. However, many limitations still existed in our research. Firstly, as a rare disease with few cases, the
ACC sample size of clinical specimens and the public databases are relatively small. Then, the clinical correla- tion, prognosis, and potential molecular mechanism of CENPF in ACC patients are mainly analyzed based on the TCGA database; Thus, this study lacks some of our own clinical information, such as tumor subtypes, follow- up data and, expression profiles of CENPF-related genes, which may bring limitations to the clinical application value of CENPF in ACC. Lastly, the in vitro siRNA cell line experiment has a certain exploration of the biologi- cal function of CENPF, but in vivo experiments or further research for ACC patients are still essential. Thus, it is still necessary to further perform in vivo experiments or accumulate sufficient clinical samples to verify the above conclusions.
Conclusion
In summary, this study pointed out that CENPF is sig- nificantly overexpressed in ACC patients. The overex- pressed CENPF predicted a poor prognosis of ACC and might augment the progress of ACC. The results showed that CENPF might consider as a prognostic biomarker or therapeutic target for ACC patients. According to
in vitro experiments, overexpression of CENPF upregu- lated CDK1 mediated the G2/M-phase transition, cell proliferation, cell migration, cell invasion, and accumu- lation of TMB and MSI. Moreover, overexpression of CENPF might activate the p53 signaling pathway, which exerted potential anti-tumor effects. In brief, the study highlighted the accumulating evidence about CENPF and related signaling pathways, which might provide benefi- cial enlightenment for the development of CENPF-medi- ated therapeutic drugs or formulation of strategies for the individualized treatment of ACC patients.
Abbreviations
ACC: Adrenocortical carcinoma; CENPF: Centromere protein F; TCGA: The Cancer Genome Atlas; OS: Overall survival; PFS: Progression-free survival; GEO: Gene expression omnibus; ROC: Receiver operator characteristic; qRT-PCR: Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR; IHC: Immunohistochemistry; CCK-8: Cell counting kit-8; GSEA: Gene set enrichment analysis; GO: Gene Ontology; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; CCND1: Cyclin D1; FDR: False discovery rate; SD: Standard deviation.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi. org/10.1186/s12967-022-03277-y.
Additional file 1: Table S1. Details of all patients involved in this study. Additional file 2: Table S2. Details of all antibodies involved in this study. Additional file 3: Table S3. Details of ACC studies and associated micro- array datasets from GEO database.
Additional file 4: Table S4. The sequences information of qRT-PCR prim- ers and siRNAs.
Additional file 5: Table S5. GSEA analysis of KEGG pathway.
Additional file 6: Table S6. GSEA enrichment analyses of Biocarta pathway.
Additional file 7: Table S7. GESA analysis of GO term.
Additional file 8: Table S8. GSEA enrichment analyses of Hallmark description.
Additional file 9: Fig. S1. CDK1 interference in human SW13 cells. (a) The qRT-PCR and (b) Western blotting for CDK1 expression in human SW13 cells after cells were transfected with siCDK1, or siNC for 48 h. (c) Cell proliferation assay for human SW13 cells after cells were transfected with siCDK1 or siNC for 96 h.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Authors’ contributions
YH and DL conceived, designed, performed statistical analysis, and wrote the paper. XS and XT supervised the research; LW participated in the study design and provisioned useful suggestions in methodology and figure preparation. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Number 81600436).
Availability of data and materials
All publicly available datasets analyzed in this study can be acquired from GEO (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) and TCGA (https://portal.gdc.cancer. gov/).
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All clinical specimens were collected by informed consent (IFC) from patients or family members, and this study has been supported and approved by the Ethics Committee of Taihe Hospital.
Consent for publication
Yes.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Received: 24 October 2021 Accepted: 24 January 2022
Published online: 05 February 2022
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