Bioinformatics Analysis Reveals that Minichromosome Maintenance 10 Replication Initiation Factor Is a Possible Prognostic Marker for Patients With Adrenocortical Carcinoma
SHIN-NOSUKE YAMASHITA1,2*, YOSHIATSU TANAKA1,2*, SHAJEDUL ISLAM1,3, TAKAO KITAGAWA1, KAZUHIRO TOKUDA4, DURGA PAUDEL1, SARITA GIRI1, TOHRU OHTA1, FUMIYA HARADA2, HIROKI NAGAYASU2 and YASUHIRO KURAMITSU1,5
1Advanced Research Promotion Centre, 2Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, and
5School of Medical Technology, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Japan;
3Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, U.S.A .; 4Graduate School of Health and Welfare, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Yamaguchi, Japan
Abstract
Background/Aim: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare but highly malignant endocrine tumor arising from the adrenal cortex, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 40%. Identifying prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic molecular targets is essential to improve the survival rate of ACC patients. Minichromosome maintenance protein 10 (MCM10) is known to play a role in DNA replication, and recently, the relationship between MCM10 expression and the prognosis of various cancers has been reported. However, the expression levels of MCM10 mRNA in ACC tissues and the relationship between MCM10 expression and prognosis of ACC patients have not yet been reported. Materials and Methods: MCM10 mRNA expression and survival in ACC patients were analyzed using the TCGA database with UALCAN and GEPIA platforms, assessing MCM10 mRNA expression across disease stages and its correlation with patient survival.
Results: MCM10 was found to be significantly overexpressed in ACC tissue from stage IV patients compared to stage I and II patients (p<0.001), and elevated MCM10 expression correlated with poorer prognosis in ACC patients (p<0.001). Conclusion: These findings suggest that MCM10 may be a potential prognostic biomarker for ACC and may provide new insights into its role in tumor biology. Further studies are needed to elucidate the therapeutic significance of MCM10 and its mechanistic involvement in ACC progression.
Keywords: MCM10, adrenocortical carcinoma, Kaplan-Meier survival plot, prognosis.
“These Authors contributed equally to this work.
☒ Yasuhiro Kuramitsu, MD, PHD, Advanced Research Promotion Center, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757
Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan. Tel: +81 133231630, e-mail: climates@hoku-iryo-u.ac.jp
Received October 27, 2025 | Revised November 18, 2025 | Accepted November 26, 2025
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This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
@2026 The Author(s). Anticancer Research is published by the International Institute of Anticancer Research.
Introduction
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a tumor originating from the adrenal cortex. It is one of the rarest cancers, with an estimated annual incidence of 0.5-2.0 cases per million. The majority of patients are under 5 years of age and between 40 and 50 years of age (1). The prognosis for this cancer is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of 38.6% and a median survival time of 31.9 months after tumor resection (2). Furthermore, if the patients have metastatic disease, the 5-year survival rate is less than 15% (3). Therefore, selecting appropriate prognostic biomarkers is important for treating patients with ACC, but currently, no clinically useful prognostic biomarkers exist for ACC.
Minichromosome maintenance protein 10 (MCM10) is an evolutionarily conserved protein required for DNA replication in eukaryotes. It is an essential replication factor that plays a key role in maintaining the integrity of DNA replication forks (4). MCM10 is essential for promoting cell proliferation and is overexpressed in many malignant tumors. Correlation between the level of MCM10 expression and prognosis has been reported in many cancers, suggesting its role in tumor initiation and progression (5-13). However, the relationship between MCM10 expression and prognosis in ACC has not yet been investigated. Because ACC is one of the tumors with a very poor prognosis, it is of great importance to determine whether the expression of MCM10 in ACC tissues is high or low and whether high expression correlates with poor prognosis.
To investigate whether MCM10 can be a prognostic factor for ACC, comprehensive analysis of mRNA expression in ACC tissues from as many ACC patients as possible and information on clinical prognosis are needed. However, it is difficult for a single clinical institution to build a database that meets these criteria. However, publicly available databases are now available. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) is a cancer genome information program containing information on over 20,000 primary cancer and normal tissue samples from 33 cancer types (14). Two platforms for analyzing this database, UALCAN and GEPIA, are freely available. UALCAN is a cancer data
analysis platform that uses TCGA data to evaluate gene expression and its impact on patient survival in 33 cancer types (15). GEPIA is also a cancer data analysis platform that provides profiling plots and patient survival analysis functions (16). We previously used UALCAN and GEPIA to reveal the expression and prognostic value of DDX39 (17) and stathmin 1 (18) in ACC patients from the TCGA database. Similarly, using UALCAN and GEPIA, we have shown that DDX39 and STC-1 are genes associated with the prognosis of uveal melanoma (19, 20), that ANLN is a gene associated with the prognosis of pancreatic cancer (21), and that overexpression of DDX39 in tumor tissues is associated with shorter survival times in patients with clear cell renal carcinoma and papillary cell renal carcinoma (22).
In present study, we conducted in silico analysis using two platforms, UALCAN and GEPIA, to investigate the relationship between MCM10 mRNA expression profiles in ACC tissues from the TCGA database and the prognosis of ACC patients.
Materials and Methods
Evaluation of MCM10 expression in tumor tissues from patients with adrenocortical carcinoma. The gene name “MCM10” was registered in the TCGA database. The expression levels of MCM10 mRNA in tumor tissues from patients with adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) of various stages registered in the TCGA database were investigated using the UALCAN platform [stage 1 (n=9), stage 2 (n=37), stage 3 (n=16), stage 4 (n=15)] (23) and GEPIA platform [ACC tissues (n=77) vs. normal adrenocortical tissues (n=128)] (24).
Survival analysis according to MCM10 mRNA expression levels in adrenocortical carcinoma tissues. To investigate the impact of MCM10 expression levels in ACC on patient survival, survival analysis was performed using the UALCAN platform. The gene name “MCM10” was entered into the TCGA database, median cutoff values were selected, and Kaplan-Meier curves of ACC patients were
A
B
Expression of MCM10 in ACC based on individual cancer stages
3.0
8
p=0.00080141
p=0.00047502
Transcript per million
2.5
6
2.0
p=0.022941
4
1.5
2
1.0
0
0.5
Stage1 (n=9)
Stage2 (n=37)
Stage3 (n=16)
Stage4 (n=15)
TCGA samples
0.0
ACC (num(T)=77; num(N)=128)
generated. Furthermore, the bioinformatics platform GEPIA was used to investigate the impact of MCM10 mRNA expression levels on overall survival and disease-free survival of ACC patients, and a p-value <0.05 considered statistically significant.
Results
mRNA expression of MCM10 was increased in adrenocortical carcinoma tissues of stage IV patients compared to stage I and II patients. We analyzed the TCGA dataset using the UALCAN platform to determine whether the increased MCM10 mRNA expression levels in ACC tissues depended on the ACC stage. Figure 1A shows a graph of MCM10 mRNA expression in ACC based on individual tumor stage (I, II, III, IV, n=9, 37, 16, 15, respectively). The mRNA levels
of MCM10 were significantly higher in tumor tissues from stage IV patients compared with stage I and II patients (p=0.00080141 and p=0.00047502, respectively). Furthermore, we simply examined the expression levels of MCM10 mRNA in normal adrenal cortex tissues (n=128) and ACC tissues (n=77) using the GEPIA platform and found that the expression levels of DTL mRNA were higher in ACC tissues than in normal tissues.
High levels of MCM10 mRNA expression correlate with shorter survival in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma. Using the UALCAN platform, Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated for patients with ACC tissues with high (n=20) and low/moderate (n=59) MCM10 expression levels. The results showed that increased mRNA expression levels of MCM10 correlated with shorter patient survival
Effect of MCM10 expression level on ACC patient survival
1.00
0.75
Survival probability
0.50
0.25
p<0.0001
Expression Level
0.00
* High expression (n=20)
+Low/Medium-expression (n=59)
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
Time (days)
(p<0.0001) (Figure 2). Furthermore, we used the GEPIA platform to generate Kaplan-Meier survival curves to analyze overall survival and disease-free status in patients with ACC tissues with high (n=38) and low (n=38) MCM10 mRNA expression. We found that increased expression levels of MCM10 correlated with shorter overall patient survival (p=0.00000011) (Figure 3A) and shorter disease- free survival (p=0.00053) (Figure 3B).
Discussion
In present study, we used the bioinformatics platforms GEPIA and UALCAN to analyze MCM10 mRNA expression and Kaplan-Meier survival in patients with ACC. The
results showed that the expression level of MCM10 mRNA was significantly increased in ACC tissues from stage IV patients compared with stage I and II ACC patients. Furthermore, we found that increased expression of MCM10 mRNA correlated with shorter overall and disease-free survival in patients with ACC.
Because the expression of MCM10 mRNA in ACC tissues from stage IV patients is much higher than that of stage I and II patients, we investigated the literature reporting strong expression of MCM10 in cancer tissues compared with normal tissues. As a result, it has been reported that MCM10 mRNA is highly expressed in many types of cancer tissues including uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma tissues (5), cervical cancer tissues (6), lung squamous cell carcinoma
A
Overall survival
B
Disease-free survival
1.0
Low .MCM10.TPM
High MCM10 TPM
1.0
Low MCM10 TPM
Logrank p=1.1e-07
High MCM10 TPM
HR(high)=11
Logrank p=0.00053
0.8
p(HR)=5.9e-06
0.8
HR(high)=3:4
n(high)=38
p(HR)=0.001
Percent survival
n(low)=38
Percent survival
n(high)=38
0.6
0.6
n(low)=38
#
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0
50
100
150
0
50
100
150
Time (months)
Time (months)
tissues (7), glioma tissues (8), ovarian cancer tissues (9), esophageal cancer tissues (10), hepatocellular carcinoma tissues (11), breast cancer tissues (12), medulloblastoma tissues (13) compared with normal tissues.
Furthermore, a search for literature that mentioned the relationship between high MCM10 expression and poor prognosis revealed that the higher the MCM10 expression, the worse the prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC), glioma, ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), lung cancer, and urinary tract cancer. Huang et al. reported that class I TNBC, a subtype of TNBC for which MCM10 is a useful biomarker, may have a worse prognosis than class II TNBC, for which phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate dependent rac exchange factor 2 (PREX2) serves as a biomarker (25). Chen et al. reported that MCM10 is mutated and overexpressed in UCEC tissues and is involved in DNA replication, cell cycle, and DNA repair, and that silencing MCM10 significantly inhibits UCEC cell proliferation in vitro (5). Tian et al.
reported that MCM10 is highly expressed in glioma tissues and that MCM10 expression is an independent prognostic factor for glioma patients. They also reported that MCM10 may be related to drug resistance and glioma development (26). Furthermore, Wu et al. evaluated the relationship between MCM10 expression and the prognosis of patients with ovarian cancer and showed that MCM10 is highly expressed in ovarian cancer tissues and that increased MCM10 expression is significantly associated with decreased overall survival (9). Wan et al. showed that key genes in the MCM family, including MCM10, were significantly correlated with the overall survival rate of HCC patients, and that MCM10 expression was significantly elevated in HCC cell lines. They also showed that knockdown of MCM10 significantly suppressed cell proliferation and increased caspase-3 activity in HCC cells. These findings suggest that MCM10 may be a predictor of poor prognosis in HCC patients and may act as a molecule that promotes HCC cell progression (11). Wang et al. found that high MCM10 expression was significantly associated
with early and late recurrence, pathological stage, and poor overall survival of lung cancer patients (27). Li et al. demonstrated in vitro that knockdown of the MCM10 gene significantly suppressed cell proliferation in two urothelial carcinoma cell lines and that overexpression of MCM10 was associated with a poor prognosis in patients with urothelial carcinoma (28).
Although it may depend on the type of cancer, it is necessary to clarify how MCM10 acts in cancer tissue to worsen prognosis. Overexpression of MCM10 is involved in DNA replication, the cell cycle, and DNA repair. Suppression of MCM10 expression significantly inhibits the proliferation of UCEC, HCC, and urothelial carcinoma cells and increases caspase-3 activity in HCC cells. This suggests that high expression of MCM10 may promote cancer cell proliferation and suppress apoptosis. Furthermore, Tian et al. suggested that abnormal over-expression of MCM10 induces DNA over-replication and genomic instability, promoting the proliferation and metastatic ability of esophageal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, not only promoting proliferation and survival but also inducing genomic instability in cancer cells and promoting malignant progression (10). Wu et al. reported that silencing MCM10 suppressed the proliferation, invasion, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of colorectal cancer cells. Furthermore, this silencing induced G1/S cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through activation of the p53/p21 pathway and downregulation of CCND1. These findings suggest that MCM10 may promote the malignant progression of colorectal cancer by inhibiting the tumor suppressor p53/p21/CCND1 pathway (29).
To date, there have been no reports on the degree of MCM10 expression in ACC tissues and the relationship between MCM10 expression levels and the prognosis of ACC patients. However, it is quite possible that MCM10 promotes the malignant transformation of ACC cells.
Conflicts of Interest
The Authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Authors’ Contributions
All authors contributed to the conception and design of the study. Data collection and analysis were performed by Shin-nosuke Yamashita, Yoshiatsu Tanaka, Shajedul Islam and Yasuhiro Kuramitsu. Shin-nosuke Yamashita and Yoshiatsu Tanaka wrote the first draft of the manuscript, Takao Kitagawa and Yasuhiro Kuramitsu commented on an earlier version of the manuscript. All Authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Disclosure
No artificial intelligence (AI) tools, including large language models or machine learning software, were used in the preparation, analysis, or presentation of this manuscript.
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